Police Shootings And The Utilization Of Force - 1847 Words

Introduction: One of the most persistently recorded and examined conduct in policing is the utilization of force. Law enforcement specialists have acknowledged a chasm persists in the variety of weaponry accessible to officers. In some situations, guns could be too strong of a response, where some situations may need more than soft or hard hand techniques. Due to this perilous chasm, there have been significant advancements in the defense/restraint alternatives available to law enforcement officers (LEO). These defense/restraint alternatives are items such as oleoresin capsicum (OC or pepper) spray, conductive energy devices (CEDs or Tasers), expandable batons, and trained police canines. These alternatives have been credited by some to have reduced police shootings, use of force incidents, injuries to LEOs and civilians/suspects in events including use of force, as well as excessive use of force incidents. Law enforcement officers are continually being scrutinized. These officers are constantly being analyzed on their use of force, a suspect/civilian being injured or killed, and weaponry used in a police-civilian event (an official interaction between an individual and a LEO). The preponderance of injury to officers and civilians in police-civilian events is high. However, a picture is painted that shows that suspects/civilians are injured or killed much more than LEOs. Law enforcement officers are being provided with less lethal weaponry, as well as increasedShow MoreRelatedPolice Shootings Across The Racial Lines Essay859 Words   |  4 Pages Police Shootings Across the Racial Lines Sheila Capers Saint Leo University Authors Note: All questions and concerns on this paper can be addressed to Sheila Capers, Saint Leo University, Criminal Justice, Savannah, GA. Email: Sheila.capers@email.saintleo.edu. Abstract There was a time when one never heard about the police shooting a suspect. Now it seems as if every day there a new story on the news of police shootings and the ensuing chaos. In the middle of all of this there runsRead MorePolice Brutality : The Rights Of Every Man Essay1391 Words   |  6 Pagesthreatened.† Because police brutality exists within our society, citizen’s human and civil rights are being violated due to these circumstances. B. Background and Audience Relevancy: Throughout our nation, the views of citizens have drastically changed due to police brutality. Citizens are lacking the trust with in the police force because of the excessive or deadly force being used on fellow citizens. However, police brutality is defined as ‘the use of excessive physical force or verbal assaultRead MoreThe Human Utilization Of Force1271 Words   |  6 Pagesinappropriateness of the use of force Deadly or use of force is power that a man utilizes bringing on, or that a man knows or ought to know would make a considerable danger of creating, passing or genuine substantial mischief or harm. In many wards, the utilization deadly force is advocated just under states of compelling need if all else fails, when every single lesser mean have fizzled or can t sensibly be utilized. In the United States, the utilization of use of force is regularly allowed to lawRead MoreMilitary Grade Weapons And Equipment922 Words   |  4 PagesAmerica started drawing national attention after police officers demonstrated their use of such equipment during the Ferguson, Missouri riot on August 9, 2014. Since then, President Obama has shown interest in eliminating the 1033 program with bill H.R. 1232, however little empirical research has been conducted on the suitability of military-grade weapons and equipment in law enforcement as well as the possible impact bill H.R. 1232 might have on local poli ce agencies across the state of Michigan. TheRead MoreEquitable Sharing Case Study1401 Words   |  6 Pagesappropriated spending plan and assets. A local or state force agency can grab cash or stuff under federal rule through the Equitable-distributing package when a central agency such like the Drug performance management or migration and Customs execution consents to receive the seizure under government law (Donohue 117). Government offices largely are permitted to save 20 % or a greater amount of the confiscation after a selection. Reasonable utilizations incorporate extra minute pay, preparing, buildingRead MoreThe Effects Of Gun Violence On The Society916 Words   |  4 Pagescases of public mass shootings that have occurred, with some of them happening in schools. 2015 will now be known as the year of mass shootings in the United States, and this is also the reason why the discussion for new gun control laws has heighten in the media. Sadly, we have all heard about the high number of mass shootings that suddenly occurred during the last five years, but perhaps what really shook the nation were the shootings which involved children. One shooting which took place in ColoradoRead MoreAnalysis Of George Orwell s Shooting An Elephant 1490 Words   |  6 PagesShooting an Elephant by George Orwell is a story about Orwell s experience as a police officer for the British Raj in frontier Burma. The exposition digs into an inward clash that Orwell encounters in his part of representing the British Empire and maintaining the law. At the opening of the narration, Orwell state, â€Å"Theoretically—and secretly, of course—I was all for the Burmese and all against their oppressors, the British†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Orwell, 1) by doing this, he clears up that he is against the BritishRead MoreThe Death Of The Ski Veil970 Words   |  4 Pagesfor the officer to see them. As of now, the individual put his turn in his co rrect front pocket and afterward he started to haul his give out of his correct pocket. As of now, the officer drew his weapon and shot at the individual and he wound up shooting him in his left shoulder. Once the individual tumbled to the ground, the workplace moved toward him. The officer required extra therapeutic help. Given to him by the casualty. Office Jones gave verbal charges to stop and the potential speculateRead MoreRace, Race And Racism Essay1396 Words   |  6 Pages(critical race theory) (Stefancic and Delgado 1995, 177). By using the critical race theory and examining incidents of police misconduct, this will determine whether or not race plays a crucial factor. Additionally, this project encompasses a vast knowledge of the criminal justice system and the police departments of the United States of America. Furthermore, one must keep in mind that â€Å"police work is dangerous, difficult, and unappreciated, but there is no excuse for the type of behavior recorded on videotape†Read MoreShould Civilian Law Enforcement Be Permitted? Military Tactics And Equipment? Essay1313 Words   |  6 Pagesthe military move to M-16’s from the heavier M-1’s and M-14’s, which also carried less ammunition in its magazines. This time period also brought an increase of violence and violent groups. In a response to incidents such as the 1966 Texas Tower shooting and the 1974 shootout with the Symbionese Liberation Army  (SLA), law enforcement was obligated to find a manner to deal with the increased violence and firepower. In many cases the officers were simply out gunned. In response to this, some departments

Human Rights Revisited ( Again ) - 2063 Words

Nicholas Wassner Edward Trefts Writing 2010 8 October 2014 Human Rights Revisited (Again) The gay community has been thriving over the last several years especially within the law, state after state bans fell and proposals passed. The movement is finally being recognized and basic rights are being promised to them in several courts around the country. In states like Idaho one could be fired or be denied housing for being gay, and that being the sole reason. When the bill, to add sexual orientation to the human rights act, was simply eligible to be put up to a vote the people who proposed it were overjoyed. They know the road is long and still work towards it, the smallest accomplishments feel like strides. Why is this attitude still†¦show more content†¦After years and years of activists and gay community leaders trying to find a solution to the lack of benefits many realize it is only going to change with our society as a whole. Neither side can use fiscal reasons to call themselves a winner, the not hiring gay employees because of the distractions they bring is very backwards, and front line protests only lead to violence and more hostility. Like human rights movements in the past, the gay rights movement, specifically rights in the workplace, can only change with society. Even today groups like the KKK exist and function in Idaho and other states, but there is no denying that over time our country has learned that someone’s skin color does not define their standing in society. Someday, hopefully in the near future, a majority of our free country will realize that somebody’s work ethic has nothing to do with who they choose to go to bed with at the end of their work day. Unfortunately the media in Idaho has not given much information regarding the gay community and its association with the state in any way. This includes polls, unbiased news articles, etc. There is not much of a way, at least today, to observe just how many gay individuals are being discriminated against in Idaho. The next best thing is a study done in South Carolina by the Williams Institute based at the University of California Los Angeles. In several states there are

Marketing Channel Analysis Free Essays

The furniture industry is a very lucrative business that spans domestic and international markets. With that fact in mind, it goes without saying that different channels of distribution exist with regards to delivery of furniture from manufacturer to consumer. Furniture manufacturers who target the domestic market segment have three (3) major marketing distribution channels: (1 ) Through online shopping portals, (2) through public showrooms in malls, and (3) through prouder by catalogue. We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing Channel Analysis or any similar topic only for you Order Now Online shopping portals. With the rise of the digital age, the use of the net is to just limited to advertisements, but has transcended to become a means of direct shopping via the Internet. Online shopping portals like Amazon . Com, Testamentary. Com, and Alabama. Com are just some of the mediums widely used by consumers to buy an assortment of products suitable to their needs. The success of online shopping portals can be attributed primarily to its wide reach of consumers and its ease of access-?one click away as long as internet is available. However, this also means that a lot of choices are available for consumers to choose from prompting companies to always try to innovate ND improve on product designs and concept. Also, customer feedback and satisfaction is difficult to track. Internet traffic and thousands of mail per day are difficult are problems to be addressed. Public showrooms in malls and buildings. Public showrooms are one of the most known venues for selling furniture. It is very effective for selling because it exhibits the products in actual with tasteful arrangements while you sell. Customers are able to see for themselves the quality of the product and be active in choosing process before buying. However, public showrooms tap sees consumers than online shopping portals. This goes without saying that people in the immediate area are the primary consumers of the furniture. Prouder via Catalogues. Some companies use catalogues in selling their products wherein consumer choose a product of their choice and place an order by giving the item name of what they are going to buy. It is then delivered to them after a time at their doorstep. How to cite Marketing Channel Analysis, Essays

Media Violence and The Effects on Children Essay Example For Students

Media Violence and The Effects on Children Essay Does media violence have a negative effect on children? On September 11th, 2001, millions around the world crowded around televisions across the globe, watching the horrific scenes of terrorism that had struck New York City, Washington, D.C and Pennsylvania on that ill-fated and now infamous morning. Our sense of security and impenetrable protection crashed 110 stories to the shaken streets of New York City. We watched with shock and horror, disbelief and grief as the images were repeatedly flashed before our eyes, with the all the drama of the plane crashing through the World Trade Center and bursting into an indescribable ball of fire and of the surreal scenes of demolished piles of what used to be the Twin Towers of New York City. We witnessed desperate pleas for help from family members of missing victims. We were shown images of the wounded victims and of the unimaginable destruction in the streets of New York. Our expeditious system of mass media provided us with an immediate window to this dramatic and unprecedented tragedy. We were not alone as we stood looking through this window to the trauma and terrorism enveloping us. As we looked on with fear and horror, so did children. As we watched the 24-hour coverage of the events unfolding, so did children. Every major station broadcast continuous coverage of the attack on America for days following the tragedy. While networks provided live coverage, personal interviews and professional analysis, cable stations flashed messages of condolence and sympathy across the bottom of the screen during regular programming, as a constant reminder and acknowledgement of tragedy that had shaken us to our knees. If we as adults were so affected by the trauma of the events, then what can be said for the children who witnessed these same images of horror and terrorism? How, with such an undeveloped capacity to understand the world and the proximity of danger, can we say that children were not affected by the violence of this tragedy? In a time when adults cannot fully understand the context of the violence in our world, how can children possibly be expected to make sense of it? They cannot. Living in a culture and time where violence permeates countless aspects of society in both fiction and reality; visual, verbal, implied and overt; and given the prevalence and pervasiveness of the violence surrounding u s, it is evident that exposure to violence in the media casts some negative affect upon children. In the weeks following the tragedy, the images of the attack on the Pentagon and the World Trade Center were banned from the media. Government official and scientific experts agreed that the trauma incited by these images was detrimental to children. President Bush expressed his concern for the mental scars that could likely be inflicted upon children as a result of this prevalence of terrorism and violence in the media. It is apparent then that experts concur; the violent images permeating the media could likely have a negative effect on children, causing them to feel unsafe, and to live in fear for their own lives and those of their loved ones. In an interview with CNN, Dr. Jeffrey Mitchell reported that: Children neurologically are not well suited to deal with extremes of trauma, so when they see this kind of stuff, right now it may look like some the movies they have seen on television. Except in this case people dont get up and act in the next (movie). In this case theyre injured because theyre injured or theyre dead because theyre dead. So it can be very traumatizing for children to see these images on TV. Costa Rica Essay They dont understand what this is all aboutSo thats why Im suggesting that we not allow an excessive amount of TV for children at this particular point (Mitchell, 2001). The news is not the only source of violence for children. Our fictional television programming is responsible for significant exposure of children to media violence. Content analysis of media programming proves the prevalence of violence in the media today. The access to television, the Internet, and other media outlets is at an all time high. About 99% of American households have television, often two .

Diagnosis and Management of Acute Otitis Media

The article under consideration is titled Diagnosis and Management of Acute Otitis Media and it is written by the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) and American Academy of Family Physicians (AAFP) (2004).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Diagnosis and Management of Acute Otitis Media specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The article â€Å"provides guidelines for primary care clinicians in managing children with uncomplicated acute otitis media (AOM) who are aged between two months and twelve years,† (American Academy of Pediatrics and American Academy of Family Physicians, 2004, p. 1451). This paper is a critical analysis and evaluation of the article. Sources of Evidence The study makes use of a wide range of sources of evidence. The types of source of evidence, classification of source and the appropriateness of the sources are illustrated in the table below. Table showing the sources of evidence and their characteristics Source Type of resource Appropriateness/ inappropriateness of the resource Classification of source of evidence 1. American Academy of Pediatrics and American Academy of Family Physicians. Clinical practice guideline: Diagnosis and management of acute otitis media Filtered resource: this resource provides general recommendations for the diagnosis and management of AOM that are based on evidence from other research studies. It is therefore considered to be a filtered resource. Appropriate: this resource is appropriate because it provides evidence-based recommendations on the ways through which AOM can be diagnosed and managed. Evidence-based guideline 2. Causative pathogens, antibiotic resistance and therapeutic considerations in acute otitis media. Pediatric Infections Disease Journal. Unfiltered resource: this is an unfiltered resource because it is a primary research study that was conducted by the researchers. Appropriate: this resource is appropriate becau se it provides evidence as to the pathogens that cause AOM and factors that need to be taken into consideration for effective management of AOM. Primary research evidence 3. Ear, nose, and throat. Current Pediatric Diagnosis and Treatment. Filtered resource: this is a filtered resource because it provides information on the current techniques used to diagnose and treat ENT problems among children. The information is based on prior primary research studies conducted by other researchers. Appropriate: this resource is appropriate because it provides further information regarding the current practices in diagnosing and managing AOM. Evidence summary 4. â€Å"Treatment of acute otitis media in an era of increasing microbial resistance,† (McCracken, 1998, p. 576). Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. Unfiltered resource: this is an unfiltered resource because it is a primary research study that was conducted by the researcher to determine how AOM can be treated in case of mic robial resistance. Appropriate: this resource is appropriate because it also provides further evidence of more effective ways of treating AOM to avoid microbial resistance. Primary research evidence 5. Results from interviews with parents who have brought their children into the clinic for acute otitis media. Unfiltered resource: the results from the interview can be classified as an unfiltered resource because they provide information for a primary research study that was conducted by the researcher to determine the opinions of parents with children suffering from AOM. Appropriate: the resource is appropriate because the interviews help to identify the risk factors of AOM for instance, the length of time an infant breastfed among other factors. Primary research evidence Watchful Waiting The article provides credible and well-supported discussion of whether watchful waiting is an appropriate approach for treating children with acute otitis media based on the evidence that it pr esents (Brown, 2009). The term watchful waiting is specified as the observation option. This is presented by a definition, the basis upon which the decision is made as well as the initial requirements and the systems expected to be in place for its recommended usage. Speziale and Carpenter (2007) suggest that there must be support of evidences, application and summary of the recommendation which the authors of the article have provided. Application of the Findings to Nursing Practice The article provides a logical discussion of how to apply the findings of the article to improve nursing practice in the clinic. This is done by presenting a framework for helping primary care clinicians make effective decisions in dealing with AOM (Speziale Carpenter, 2007).Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This is further presented through diagrammatic recommendations, tables and flow charts for simplification purposes (Brown, 2009). The issue of non-conventional ways of treating AOM using complementary and alternative medicine is identified. The changing clinical guideline practices are identified based on the evidence-based research with recommendations made for further studies that provide a guideline for the conclusive nature of research. Ethical and Other Issues The article does not include issues of confidentiality and informed consent (Speziale Carpenter, 2007). However, emphasis is placed on the roles of the parents and guardians especially in the initial examination and follow-up with no evidence of children giving their views. The role of the parents and guardians in studies involving children is important because children are a vulnerable population and need to be protected from any harm that may arise from such studies. The article therefore presents credible and well-supported discussion of the ethical issues presented in the research. Reference List American Academy of Pediatrics and American Academy of Family Physicians. (2004). Diagnosis and management of acute otitis media. American Academy of Pediatrics, 113(5), 1451-1463. Brown, S. (2009). Evidence-based nursing: the research practice connection. Boston: Jones Bartlett Learning. McCracken, G.H. (1998). Treatment of acute otitis media in an era of increasing microbial resistance. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal, 17(6), 576-579. Speziale, H., Carpenter, D. (2007). Qualitative research in nursing: advancing the humanistic imperative. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams Wilkins.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Diagnosis and Management of Acute Otitis Media specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This essay on Diagnosis and Management of Acute Otitis Media was written and submitted by user Zariah W. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Prostate Cancer essays

Prostate Cancer essays The prostate is a gland that is located just underneath the bladder. It surrounds the urethra through which a man urinates. The prostate gland is therefore vital to proper bladder control and urine flow-rate. The prostate is also essential for normal sexual function. It is the gland of ejaculation, supplying 95% of the seminal fluid and the power to push it through the urethra and out of the penis. The normal prostate in an adult man is about the size of a walnut. Its size often increases over time, however, particularly once a man gets beyond age 40. Because the urethra runs right through the middle of it, a growth spurt of the prostate will squeeze the urethra and begin to choke off the urinary flow. This can effect the ability to urinate and perform sexually. Prostate cancer occurs when some of the cells that make up the prostate gland escape from the normal controls on their growth and start to divide, grow and spread in an uncontolled manner. At first the growth of the cancer occurs very slowly and is usually limited within the prostate gland. Later on in the course of the illness, the prostate gland cells can spread around the body, particulary to the bones where they can paues pain and disability. Estimates show that the cancer may have been growing in some men for up to 10 yearsbefore it causes symptoms and is diagnosed. Some men develop symptoms whereas others do not. In those who that do, the following symptoms are commonly found: Need to urinate frequently, especially at night Sudden, incontrolable urges to urinate A burning sensation or pain when urinating Continuing pain in lower back, pelvis, or upper thighs There appears to be several forms of prostate cancer. Some men ...

Recreational Drug Use Negatively Affects Society Research Paper

Recreational Drug Use Negatively Affects Society - Research Paper Example From the report it is clear that recreational drugs include many kinds of drugs which can be legal or illegal. The use of recreational drugs in a society can cause several economic effects as people commonly start spending about one-fourth of their income in drugs, and utilize their savings, thus lowering their standards of living. In recent years, the overall economy of the American society has tremendously lowered as there is an increase in the usage of recreational drugs. The drugs industry is making high profits and it surely benefits their market as some drugs are highly expensive and once people are addicted to them, they buy them excessively to fulfill their needs. The more profits the drugs industry makes, the more risks of drugs smuggling, illegal selling and possession of drugs, and access use of controlled drugs will increase causing social, economic, and psychological problems. This paper highlights that people often start taking recreational drugs to divert their minds from their life problems or to gain some pleasure. Drugs are often successful in providing peace to the disturbed person and allowing him to forget all his worries for a while. This attracts people to use them more often, hence creating an addiction. Most people first get addicted to this feeling, then physically addicted, as it becomes a need for the body to calm down and feel good. Drug addicts are fifty percent more likely to commit crimes such as robbery and stealing, only for the purpose of buying more drugs.

Cold War and American Contribution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Cold War and American Contribution - Essay Example The war had come just as the US was facing one of the greatest economic challenges ever. It had come from a great recession. The conflict that resulted spurred some economic growth. In retrospect, it led to new opportunities. The economy of the US bounced back. In addition, the country received immigrants from other nations. This was the period that saw the passing of the employment of the employment act. This was under the leadership of Truman. However, an economic uncertainty was to follow after the boom. This was expected since the economy during the cold war had not been based on the fundamentals aspects but sentimental factors. This was one of the effects of the Second World War. It divided East Germany and Berlin from the West of Berlin. Basically, the East part of German fronted different ideologies from the West in terms of political governance. The West divide was accused of harboring Nazi-like ideologies. The East fronted what was perceived to communism. The west fronted li beralism. This conflict led the east to construct the wall around Berlin. They even had watchtowers around it. The wall was later to be brought down after the collapse of communism. The war in Korea had a direct relevance to the cold war. It pitted communism against democracy. Communist thoughts were propagated by USSR together with China. Democracy was an idea of the US. South Korea adopted democracy. However, the north was a communist state which was an ally of the USSR and China. The political rift between the two neighboring states almost led to war. The tensions have been imminent even in recent times. The nuclear and arms threat at the time of the cold war led to exclusion of the North from world trades. The South prospered so much due to its open policy and promotion of liberalism. It has been argued that the period of the cold war affected North Korea the most. The country is yet to recover from the effects of the war. Question 2 Three essay questions What were the consequences of the cold war on the economic prospects of the world? What led to the end of the world cold war? Did the cold war influence the current political alignment in the world? The consequences of the Cold War on the economics prospects of the world The period of the cold war was characterized by imminent economic implications. The trade sanctions that were part of the war had dire consequences on selected economies. At the time, there are

Agenda Setting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

Agenda Setting - Essay Example Social problems are issues that negatively affect the state of being of individuals in the society. A social problem has two elements that include subjective concerns and objective condition of the problem. An objective condition of a social problem includes all the aspects the problem that can be viewed without any biasness. Subjective concerns are issues that are affect and individual based on their biasness to particular points of view. Subjective concerns create differences with solving problems in the society. The formation opposing groups in a society is due to the subjective concerns of individuals.Objective conditions have enlightened people in societies such that they have reformulated human conditions. Through intelligence by humankind, complex problems that seemed unsolvable are solved in the modern societies. Social reformers developed empirical analysis that has formed the basis for political science and social science. Positivists were empowered by the strength of facts . For instance, Florence Nightingale and William Beveridge believed that use of scientific researches was essential in solving social problems in our societies. Nightingale was convinced that doctrines are not very important as facts are. Facts do not hold uncertainties that make the process of making decisions harder.The other view of positivists in regard to problems is by perceiving social problems as dysfunctions. Other people against the views of the society define things as acceptable or unacceptable.

History of Autism Identification

History of Autism Identification Natures Smudged Lines When Kanner published his autism paper in 1943, he felt it was premature at that point to propose a set of criteria for diagnosing the condition he described. To make the pattern visible to his peers, he proposed two essential common characteristics shared by all children with this syndrome. The first was a will to self-isolation, present from birth. The second was a fear of change and surprise. These two characteristics became the diagnostic basis known as classic autism, or Kanners syndrome. In 1961, a British psychiatrist named Mildred Creak led a working party that established a nine-point criteria for the diagnosis of autism, based in part on studies of 100 children she herself had collected. The nine points were: Sustained impairment of interpersonal relationships Unawareness of personal identity Preoccupation with particular objects Striving to maintain sameness Acute anxiety produced by change Abnormal perceptual experience (hearing and vision) Failure to develop speech beyond a limited level Distortion of movement Some learning difficulty, but some islets of particular skills or abilities or knowledge These criteria represented the first set of standardized criteria for the diagnosis of autism, which she called schizophrenic syndrome in childhood. They differed significantly from Kanners two-point criteria and were more difficult to apply in practice. *** In the late 1960s, a young British psychiatrist name Lorna Wing set out to help her husband, John, a schizophrenia researcher at the University of London, compile a database of case records in Camberwell to determine if the National Health Service was providing the families of cognitively disabled children with adequate resources. John and Lorna had a daughter Susie, who was diagnosed with autism when she was three years old in 1959. It didnt take long for John and Lorna to figure out that there were almost no resources in place to support the families of children like their daughter. But fortunately they could send Susie to Sybil Elgars school. Sybil Elgar was a school secretary who was taking a correspondence course to become a Montessori teacher. After visiting an institution for severely and emotionally disturbed children in London in 1958, she started teaching classes for a small group of autistic children in the basement of her house in London. Susie Wing became one of her early students. In 1962, a group of parents from the National Autistic Society converted an old railway hostel in Ealing into the Sybil Elgar School using the money they raised. The Beatles visited the school one afternoon, and John Lennon became one of the schools first major donors and attracted other celebrities to the cause. In the late 1960s, when the Medical Research Council (MRC) asked John Wing to examine the prevalence of autism, he put a graduate student named Victor Lotter on the case. They sent out thousands of questionnaires to schoolteachers, training center supervisors, nurses, and parents in Middlesex and screened the entire population of eight- to ten-year-olds. Basing his selection criteria for autism on Creaks Nine Points, Lotter calculated a prevalence estimate of 4.5 cases of autism in 10,000. A closer look at the numbers reveals several problems. They found that several children had been screened out because they didnt fit Kanners criteria. Suspicious of the validity of Kanners criteria, Lorna Wing took a different approach in analyzing the data. Rather than using a top-down method as Lotter had done, she employed a bottom-up approach, searching for aspects of autistic behavior among children in Camberwell who were already identified as cognitively disabled. She and another MRC researcher named Judith Gould reached out to everyone whose job might bring them in contact with a child with special needs. Just as the Middlesex study predicted, they found only a handful of children in Camberwell 4.9 in 10,000 who met Kanners criteria. But Lorna and Judith didnt stop there. As they made their rounds of the neighborhood, they noticed a much larger group of children who had signs of his syndrome, but were not eligible for a diagnosis under his guidelines. While Lorna was trying to make sense of what she was seeing, she came across a paper by Dirk Arn Can Krevelen arguing that Kanners autism and Asperger syndrome were distinct conditions. After John (who can speak German) translated Aspergers paper for her, she realized that Asperger had seen the same thing in Vienna that she was seeing in Camberwell. Lorne began a quiet but determined campaign to expand the concept of autism to include people who had been excluded from Kanners. To replace Kanners unified syndrome, she proposed the term the autistic continuum. While there were clearly many shades and hues along this continuum, all autistic people seemed to benefit from the same highly structured and supportive educational approaches, just as Asperger predicted. It was apparent that a person could occupy one point on the continuum at a given point in their lives and another point later. Some children, like Susie, would remain disabled into middle age and beyond. But others blossomed in unexpected ways when given an accommodating environment and special consideration by their teachers. In 1981, Lorna codified the condition for Asperger syndrome by writing a case series of her own called Aspergers Syndrome: A Clinical Account. Over time, Lorna would lose her taste for the word continuum and adopted the term autism spectrum.

Grapes Of Wrath - Characterization :: John Steinbeck and Robert Demott

Evidence/ Quotations from the Text: "Winfield was breathless in his telling. 'So then they fit, an' that big girl hit Ruthie a good one, an' Ruthie said her brother'd kill that big girl's brother. An' then- an' then, Ruthie said our brother already kil't two fellas. An'- an' that big girl said, 'Oh yeah! You're jus' a litlle smarty liar.' An' Ruthie said, 'Oh yeah? Well, our brother's a- hiding right now from killin' a fella, an' he can kill that big girl's brother too" (456). "Muley continued, 'Well, sir, it's a funny thing. Somepin went an' happened to me when they tol' me I had to get off the place. .. Then all my folks all went away out west. An' I got wanderin' aroun'. Jus' walkin' aroun'. Never went far. Slep' where I was... I'd tell myself, 'I'm lookin' after things so when all the folks come back it'll be all right.' But I knowed that wan't true. There ain't nothin' to look after. The folks ain't never comin' back. I'm jus' wanderin' aroun' like a damn ol' graveyard ghos" (54). Analysis/ Commentary: At the camp, Ruthie becomes engaged in an argument that leads to serious consequences. In an effort to preserve her Cracker Jacks, she threatens to call upon her brother, who has killed two men and is now in hiding. Ruthie's revelation endangers Tom and forces him to abandon both his hideout and family. Ma, whose primary goal has been to keep the family together, must bid another painful farewell. Through his speech, Muley reveals that he is stubborn and refuses to accept the fact that things have changed. His home has been seized, and his family migrated to California, but he refuses to leave the land. Muley roams the countryside alone, sleeping and eating like a wild animal. Evidence/ Quotations from the Text "John shook his head. "No. Go on. Ain't goin'. Gonna res' here. No good goin' back. No good to nobody-jus' a draggin' my sins like dirty drawers 'mongst nice folks. No. Ain't goin'....Go ri' 'long. I ain't no good. I ain't no good. Jus' a-draggin' my sins, a-dirtyin' ever'body." (305). "For a minute Rose of Sharon sat still in the whispering barn. Then she hoisted her tired body up and drew the comfort about her. She moved slowly to the corner and stood looking down at the wasted face, into the wide, frightened eyes. Then slowly she lay down beside him. Grapes Of Wrath - Characterization :: John Steinbeck and Robert Demott Evidence/ Quotations from the Text: "Winfield was breathless in his telling. 'So then they fit, an' that big girl hit Ruthie a good one, an' Ruthie said her brother'd kill that big girl's brother. An' then- an' then, Ruthie said our brother already kil't two fellas. An'- an' that big girl said, 'Oh yeah! You're jus' a litlle smarty liar.' An' Ruthie said, 'Oh yeah? Well, our brother's a- hiding right now from killin' a fella, an' he can kill that big girl's brother too" (456). "Muley continued, 'Well, sir, it's a funny thing. Somepin went an' happened to me when they tol' me I had to get off the place. .. Then all my folks all went away out west. An' I got wanderin' aroun'. Jus' walkin' aroun'. Never went far. Slep' where I was... I'd tell myself, 'I'm lookin' after things so when all the folks come back it'll be all right.' But I knowed that wan't true. There ain't nothin' to look after. The folks ain't never comin' back. I'm jus' wanderin' aroun' like a damn ol' graveyard ghos" (54). Analysis/ Commentary: At the camp, Ruthie becomes engaged in an argument that leads to serious consequences. In an effort to preserve her Cracker Jacks, she threatens to call upon her brother, who has killed two men and is now in hiding. Ruthie's revelation endangers Tom and forces him to abandon both his hideout and family. Ma, whose primary goal has been to keep the family together, must bid another painful farewell. Through his speech, Muley reveals that he is stubborn and refuses to accept the fact that things have changed. His home has been seized, and his family migrated to California, but he refuses to leave the land. Muley roams the countryside alone, sleeping and eating like a wild animal. Evidence/ Quotations from the Text "John shook his head. "No. Go on. Ain't goin'. Gonna res' here. No good goin' back. No good to nobody-jus' a draggin' my sins like dirty drawers 'mongst nice folks. No. Ain't goin'....Go ri' 'long. I ain't no good. I ain't no good. Jus' a-draggin' my sins, a-dirtyin' ever'body." (305). "For a minute Rose of Sharon sat still in the whispering barn. Then she hoisted her tired body up and drew the comfort about her. She moved slowly to the corner and stood looking down at the wasted face, into the wide, frightened eyes. Then slowly she lay down beside him.